CSS allows animation of HTML elements without using JavaScript or Flash!
![]() CSS Animations
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In this chapter you will learn about the following properties:
Browser Support for Animations
The numbers in the table specify the first browser version that fully supports the property.
Browser Specific Prefixes
Some older browsers need specific prefixes (-webkit-) to understand the animation properties:
Example
div { Try it Yourself »
width: 100px; height: 100px; background-color: red; animation-name: example; animation-duration: 4s; } @keyframes example { from {background-color: red;} to {background-color: yellow;} } What are CSS Animations?
An animation lets an element gradually change from one style to another.
You can change as many CSS properties you want, as many times you want.
To use CSS animation, you must first specify some keyframes for the animation.
Keyframes hold what styles the element will have at certain times.
The @keyframes Rule
When you specify CSS styles inside the
@keyframes rule, the animation will gradually change from the current style to the new style at certain times.
To get an animation to work, you must bind the animation to an element.
The following example binds the 'example' animation to the <div> element. The animation will last for 4 seconds, and it will gradually change the background-color of the <div> element from 'red' to 'yellow':
Example
/* The animation code */ Try it Yourself »
@keyframes example { from {background-color: red;} to {background-color: yellow;} } /* The element to apply the animation to */ div { width: 100px; height: 100px; background-color: red; animation-name: example; animation-duration: 4s; }
Note: The
animation-duration property defines how long time an animation should take to complete. If the animation-duration property is not specified, no animation will occur, because the default value is 0s (0 seconds).
In the example above we have specified when the style will change by using the keywords 'from' and 'to' (which represents 0% (start) and 100% (complete)).
It is also possible to use percent. By using percent, you can add as many style changes as you like.
The following example will change the background-color of the <div> element when the animation is 25% complete, 50% complete, and again when the animation is 100% complete:
![]() Example
/* The animation code */ Try it Yourself »
@keyframes example { 0% {background-color: red;} 25% {background-color: yellow;} 50% {background-color: blue;} 100% {background-color: green;} } /* The element to apply the animation to */ div { width: 100px; height: 100px; background-color: red; animation-name: example; animation-duration: 4s; }
The following example will change both the background-color and the position of the <div> element when the animation is 25% complete, 50% complete, and again when the animation is 100% complete:
Example
/* The animation code */ Try it Yourself »
@keyframes example { 0% {background-color:red; left:0px; top:0px;} 25% {background-color:yellow; left:200px; top:0px;} 50% {background-color:blue; left:200px; top:200px;} 75% {background-color:green; left:0px; top:200px;} 100% {background-color:red; left:0px; top:0px;} } /* The element to apply the animation to */ div { width: 100px; height: 100px; position: relative; background-color: red; animation-name: example; animation-duration: 4s; } Delay an Animation
The
animation-delay property specifies a delay for the start of an animation.
The following example has a 2 seconds delay before starting the animation:
Example
div { Try it Yourself »
width: 100px; height: 100px; position: relative; background-color: red; animation-name: example; animation-duration: 4s; animation-delay: 2s; }
Negative values are also allowed. If using negative values, the animation will start as if it had already been playing for N seconds.
In the following example, the animation will start as if it had already been playing for 2 seconds:
Example
div { Try it Yourself »
width: 100px; height: 100px; position: relative; background-color: red; animation-name: example; animation-duration: 4s; animation-delay: -2s; } Set How Many Times an Animation Should Run
The
animation-iteration-count property specifies the number of times an animation should run.
The following example will run the animation 3 times before it stops:
Example
div { Try it Yourself »
width: 100px; height: 100px; position: relative; background-color: red; animation-name: example; animation-duration: 4s; animation-iteration-count: 3; }
The following example uses the value 'infinite' to make the animation continue for ever:
Example
div { Try it Yourself »
width: 100px; height: 100px; position: relative; background-color: red; animation-name: example; animation-duration: 4s; animation-iteration-count: infinite; } Run Animation in Reverse Direction or Alternate Cycles
The
animation-direction property specifies whether an animation should be played forwards, backwards or in alternate cycles.
The animation-direction property can have the following values:
The following example will run the animation in reverse direction (backwards):
Example
div { Try it Yourself »
width: 100px; height: 100px; position: relative; background-color: red; animation-name: example; animation-duration: 4s; animation-direction: reverse; }
The following example uses the value 'alternate' to make the animation run forwards first, then backwards:
Example
div { Try it Yourself »
width: 100px; height: 100px; position: relative; background-color: red; animation-name: example; animation-duration: 4s; animation-iteration-count: 2; animation-direction: alternate; }
The following example uses the value 'alternate-reverse' to make the animation run backwards first, then forwards:
Example
div { Try it Yourself »
width: 100px; height: 100px; position: relative; background-color: red; animation-name: example; animation-duration: 4s; animation-iteration-count: 2; animation-direction: alternate-reverse; } Specify the Speed Curve of the Animation
The
animation-timing-function property specifies the speed curve of the animation.
The animation-timing-function property can have the following values:
The following example shows the some of the different speed curves that can be used:
Example
#div1 {animation-timing-function: linear;} Try it Yourself »
#div2 {animation-timing-function: ease;} #div3 {animation-timing-function: ease-in;} #div4 {animation-timing-function: ease-out;} #div5 {animation-timing-function: ease-in-out;} Specify the fill-mode For an Animation
CSS animations do not affect an element before the first keyframe is played or after the last keyframe is played. The animation-fill-mode property can override this behavior.
The
animation-fill-mode property specifies a style for the target element when the animation is not playing (before it starts, after it ends, or both).
The animation-fill-mode property can have the following values:
The following example lets the <div> element retain the style values from the last keyframe when the animation ends:
Example
div { Try it Yourself »
width: 100px; height: 100px; background: red; position: relative; animation-name: example; animation-duration: 3s; animation-fill-mode: forwards; }
The following example lets the <div> element get the style values set by the first keyframe before the animation starts (during the animation-delay period):
Example
div { Try it Yourself »
width: 100px; height: 100px; background: red; position: relative; animation-name: example; animation-duration: 3s; animation-delay: 2s; animation-fill-mode: backwards; }
The following example lets the <div> element get the style values set by the first keyframe before the animation starts, and retain the style values from the last keyframe when the animation ends:
Example
div { Try it Yourself »
width: 100px; height: 100px; background: red; position: relative; animation-name: example; animation-duration: 3s; animation-delay: 2s; animation-fill-mode: both; } Animation Shorthand Property
The example below uses six of the animation properties:
Example
div { Try it Yourself »
animation-name: example; animation-duration: 5s; animation-timing-function: linear; animation-delay: 2s; animation-iteration-count: infinite; animation-direction: alternate; }
The same animation effect as above can be achieved by using the shorthand
animation property:
Example
div { Try it Yourself »
animation: example 5s linear 2s infinite alternate; } Test Yourself with Exercises!CSS Animation Properties
The following table lists the @keyframes rule and all the CSS animation properties:
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It’s possible to build a library that simplifies all of the various HTML5 game engine features. Consider using the library: simpleGame.js. This library is easy to use and is fully capable of sophisticated game development. To get started, you really need to understand only two objects:
This code is actually a lot more sophisticated than it looks. Here’s what it does:
Here’s the entire code listing:
You begin with a basic HTML5 page and add a few features to turn it into a gaming environment.
How to build your game page
Begin by building the underlying page:
How to initialize your game
The initialization part of the game happens as the page loads. It’s mainly taken up with setting up sprites and other resources. Here’s the code:
Most games will use a similar style of initialization. Here’s how you set up the game:
Update the game animation
After you start the scene, a timer will begin. Twenty times a second, it will call a function on your page called update(). So, you need to have such a function, and it needs to have some code for your game to run.
The update() function is not terribly difficult either.
The update() function typically does three things:
Here’s what happens if you don’t clear the screen. All the sprite motion will be drawn on the canvas, and it looks like a big smear rather than a moving ball.
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